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Learning Center & FAQ
Plain-English guides to the memory and flash inside your devices, plus answers to the questions we hear most.
Guides
SLC to QLC, endurance, and reading speed and capacity numbers.
Read the guide Embedded storageStorage soldered onto the board, eMMC vs SSD and UFS.
Read the guide Solid state drives2.5", M.2 and PCIe, SATA vs NVMe, and when to upgrade.
Read the guide Portable storageUSB generations and speeds, Type-A vs Type-C.
Read the guide Computer memoryWhat RAM does, DDR1 to DDR5, and picking an upgrade.
Read the guide Memory cardsSpeed class symbols, SD vs microSD, and which card fits.
Read the guide For OEMsOptima vs Optima+: what stays fixed behind a part number.
Learn moreBefore you buy
Nearly every "will this work?" question is answered by the device's exact make and model. The maker's specification page lists the memory type, maximum memory and storage slots.
Settings, System, About shows installed memory. Task Manager, Performance, Memory shows speed, slots used and form factor. Settings, System, Storage, Disks and volumes (or Device Manager, Disk drives) shows the drive model. The free tool CPU-Z lists each memory module.
Apple menu, About This Mac, More Info, System Report lists memory and storage. On Macs with Apple silicon (M1 and later) memory is built in and cannot be upgraded, and internal storage generally cannot either, so external storage is the answer.
The label on a memory module or SSD gives generation, speed, capacity and size, for example "16GB DDR4-3200 SODIMM" or "M.2 2280 NVMe". For cameras and other card devices, the manual lists supported card types, maximum card size and speed class.
Support
Answers to common questions. Memory and SD card questions are on the DDR Memory and SD Technology guides, and eMMC questions on the eMMC guide. Still stuck? Contact Customer Care.
Formatting erases everything on the drive, so copy off anything you need first.
The drive is formatted FAT32, which cannot hold a single file of 4 GB or more. Back up the drive, then reformat it as exFAT. exFAT works on Windows, Mac and most newer TVs and consoles.
Drive makers count 1 GB as 1,000,000,000 bytes; Windows counts 1 GB as 1,073,741,824 bytes. A 64 GB drive therefore shows as about 59.6 GB. A small amount is also used by the file system. This is normal and not a defect.
diskpart, then list disk, select disk N (your drive's number) and attributes disk clear readonly.The drive's file system is damaged, usually from unplugging it while files were being written. If you need the data, try data recovery software before formatting. To reuse the drive, open Disk Management (right-click Start), right-click the drive, delete the volume, then choose New Simple Volume and format it.
Often, yes. Stop using the drive straight away so nothing overwrites the lost files, then try reputable data recovery software or a professional recovery service. Centon cannot recover data and is not responsible for lost data, so keep a backup of anything important in a second place.
Wait until copying has finished. On Windows, click Eject next to the drive in File Explorer or use Safely Remove Hardware in the taskbar. On a Mac, click Eject in Finder or drag the drive to the Trash. Unplugging during a write is the most common cause of corrupted drives.
Keep drives and cards away from heat, moisture and static, keep caps on and do not bend cards. Flash storage is reliable, but it should never be the only copy of important files.
The part number is printed on the retail package just above the UPC barcode, and on your receipt or invoice.
If you bought it from a store and are within its return window, an exchange at the store is fastest. Otherwise request an RMA on the Return a Product page with the part number, proof of purchase and a short description of the problem. An RMA number must be issued before you ship anything back. See the warranty terms.
Yes. A drive formatted NTFS can be read but not written on a Mac; reformat it as ExFAT in Disk Utility to use it on both Mac and Windows.
Yes. USB is backward compatible; the drive runs at USB 2.0 speed in a USB 2.0 port.
Many players read only FAT32 and some only small drives or certain file types. Format the drive FAT32 (a 32 GB or smaller drive is the safest choice) and check the device manual for supported formats.
Drives without built-in encryption can be protected with software: BitLocker To Go on Windows Pro editions, an encrypted APFS volume on a Mac, or a free tool such as VeraCrypt.
Centon drives can usually be used to install or repair an operating system, but booting from them is not a supported use.
Yes. SSDs ship unformatted, so a new drive will not appear in File Explorer until it is set up. On Windows, open Disk Management, initialize the disk (choose GPT), then right-click the unallocated space and choose New Simple Volume. If the SSD replaces your startup drive, clone the old drive with cloning software or install the operating system fresh.
Check that the slot supports your drive type: some M.2 slots take only SATA or only NVMe. Make sure the drive is fully seated and screwed down, and check the BIOS to see whether the drive is listed. Then initialize it as described above.
Glossary
The fastest way to look up a term on a spec sheet or package.
| NAND flash | The memory chip inside USB drives, memory cards, SSDs, eMMC and UFS. Keeps data with the power off. |
| Controller | A small processor in flash storage that decides where data goes, spreads wear evenly and talks to the device. |
| SLC / MLC / TLC / QLC | Bits stored per NAND cell (1, 2, 3 or 4). More bits means more capacity for the money, but slower writes and lower endurance. |
| pSLC | Pseudo-SLC: MLC or TLC flash run one bit per cell for much higher endurance, at the cost of capacity. |
| 3D NAND | Flash with cells stacked in layers to fit more capacity on a chip. The norm today. |
| Endurance / TBW | How much writing flash can take before it wears out. TBW (terabytes written) is the total data an SSD is rated for. |
| Mbps vs MB/s | Connection speeds are in bits (Mbps, Gbps); product speeds are in bytes (MB/s, GB/s). Divide bits by 8 to compare. |
| Sequential / random, IOPS | Sequential is large files; random is many small files at once, measured in IOPS (input/output operations per second). |
| Form factor | The physical size and shape of a product, such as 2.5", M.2, DIMM or SO-DIMM. |
| USB-A / USB-C | Connector shapes. USB-A is the classic rectangular plug; USB-C is smaller and reversible. The shape says nothing about speed. |
| USB 3.2 Gen 1 / Gen 2 / Gen 2x2 | 5, 10 and 20 Gbps. USB 3.2 Gen 1 is the same as USB 3.0. |
| USB4 | The newest USB standard: 40 or 80 Gbps, USB-C only. |
| SDHC / SDXC / SDUC | Card capacity types: up to 32 GB, up to 2 TB and up to 128 TB. Older devices cannot read newer types. |
| FAT32 / exFAT | File systems. FAT32 (SDHC) cannot hold a single file over 4 GB; exFAT (SDXC) can. |
| Speed Class (C, U, V) | Minimum sustained write ratings printed on a card, such as Class 10, U3 or V30. |
| UHS-I / UHS-II | Bus interfaces that set a card's top speed (104 and 312 MB/s). UHS-II cards have a second row of pins. |
| SD Express | Cards using PCIe/NVMe for SSD-like speed. microSD Express is required by the Nintendo Switch 2. |
| A1 / A2 | App Performance Class: minimum small-file speeds for running apps and games from a card. |
| SATA | The older internal drive connection (2.5" SSDs, hard drives, M.2 SATA). Tops out around 550 MB/s. |
| PCIe / NVMe | PCIe is the fast internal connection, built from lanes (x2, x4) and generations (Gen3, Gen4, Gen5). NVMe is the language flash drives speak over it. |
| M.2 | A slim stick-shaped SSD, SATA or NVMe, sized by a code such as 2280 (22 x 80 mm). |
| M.2 key (B / M) | The notch in an M.2 drive's edge. M-key usually means NVMe; B+M key usually means SATA. |
| DRAM-less / HMB | An SSD without its own DRAM cache. NVMe versions borrow some computer memory instead (Host Memory Buffer). |
| HDD | Hard disk drive: older storage on a spinning magnetic disk; slower and more fragile than an SSD. |
| RAM / DRAM | A computer's short-term working memory. Very fast, but cleared when the power is off. |
| DIMM / SO-DIMM | Memory module shapes: DIMM for desktops, the shorter SO-DIMM for laptops. |
| DDR3 / DDR4 / DDR5 | Memory generations. Each works only in a computer built for that generation. |
| MT/s | Megatransfers per second, the memory speed (DDR4-3200 = 3,200 MT/s). |
| Soldered memory / LPDDR | Memory fixed to the motherboard with no slot. Cannot be upgraded. |
| Dual-channel / kit | Running memory in pairs for more bandwidth; a kit is a matched set such as 2 x 16 GB. |
| ECC / UDIMM / RDIMM | ECC finds and fixes small memory errors. UDIMM is standard memory; RDIMM is registered server memory. Not interchangeable. |
| CAMM2 | A newer flat, screw-down laptop memory module. Not interchangeable with SO-DIMM. |
| eMMC | embedded MultiMediaCard: flash and controller in one chip soldered to the board. Reads or writes one direction at a time. Full guide. |
| HS400 | eMMC's fastest bus mode, about 400 MB/s. |
| UFS | Universal Flash Storage: faster embedded storage that reads and writes at the same time, in generations 2.1, 3.1 and 4.1. |
| BGA / ball count | Ball Grid Array chips attach with a grid of solder balls; the ball count (153-ball, 100-ball) is part of the footprint and must match the board. |
| Temperature grade | The range a part is rated for: Commercial, Industrial or Automotive. |
| PCN / EOL | Product Change Notification and End of Life notice: how suppliers warn customers before a part changes or is discontinued. |
Need more help?
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USB drives and SD and microSD cards built to a controlled specification for business use.
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